A Simulation Study on Amplified WiMAX and WiFi Signal of Tikrit University

The limitation of WiFi coverage and free frequency create problems as well as weaken security and degrade quality of services. Therefore, a complementary wireless technology, WiMAX, is required. WiMAX and WiFi are chosen as both technology are the most highly popular by wireless network protocols usage in Iraq. Simulation on both of the network environments will be used to imitate the real situation in Tikrit University. This study provides a comprehensive field survey on wireless networking in Tikrit University of Iraq. Suitable wireless protocol, expanding coverage, performance of network will be included after the application of this study. The major benefits that have achieved as the outcome of this study are packet delivery ratio and throughput. Both WiFi scenarios achieved packet delivery ratios of 97.2% and 96.012% respectively, while WiMAX scenario scored 98.0% on packet delivery ratio. On the other hand, the throughput was found to produce interesting results and increased with packet size. WiMAX throughput had been discovered to be increasing linearly to the throughput. The maximum throughput achieved by WiMAX was 22.12 Mbps while the WiFi obtained throughputs of 22.46 Kbps and 11.61 Kbps for the different scenarios

Machine Learning Prediction Approach to Enhance Congestion Control in 5G IoT Environment

[EN] The 5G network is a next-generation wireless form of communication and the latest mobile technology. In practice, 5G utilizes the Internet of Things (IoT) to work in high-tra_ c networks with multiple nodes/ sensors in an attempt to transmit their packets to a destination simultaneously, which is a characteristic of IoT applications. Due to this, 5G o_ ers vast bandwidth, low delay, and extremely high data transfer speed. Thus, 5G presents opportunities and motivations for utilizing next-generation protocols, especially the stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). However, the congestion control mechanisms of the conventional SCTP negatively influence overall performance. Moreover, existing mechanisms contribute to reduce 5G and IoT performance. Thus, a new machine learning model based on a decision tree (DT) algorithm is proposed in this study to predict optimal enhancement of congestion control in the wireless sensors of 5G IoT networks. The model was implemented on a training dataset to determine the optimal parametric setting in a 5G environment. The dataset was used to train the machine learning model and enable the prediction of optimal alternatives that can enhance the performance of the congestion control approach. The DT approach can be used for other functions, especially prediction and classification. DT algorithms provide graphs that can be used by any user to understand the prediction approach. The DT C4.5 provided promising results, with more than 92% precision and recall.Najm, IA.; Hamoud, AK.; Lloret, J.; Bosch Roig, I. (2019). Machine Learning Prediction Approach to Enhance Congestion Control in 5G IoT Environment. Electronics. 8(6):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060607S12386Rahem, A. A. T., Ismail, M., Najm, I. A., & Balfaqih, M. (2017). Topology sense and graph-based TSG: efficient wireless ad hoc routing protocol for WANET. Telecommunication Systems, 65(4), 739-754. doi:10.1007/s11235-016-0242-7Aalsalem, M. Y., Khan, W. Z., Gharibi, W., Khan, M. K., & Arshad, Q. (2018). Wireless Sensor Networks in oil and gas industry: Recent advances, taxonomy, requirements, and open challenges. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 113, 87-97. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2018.04.004Sunny, A., Panchal, S., Vidhani, N., Krishnasamy, S., Anand, S. V. R., Hegde, M., … Kumar, A. (2017). A generic controller for managing TCP transfers in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure WLANs. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 93, 13-26. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.05.006Jain, R. (1990). Congestion control in computer networks: issues and trends. IEEE Network, 4(3), 24-30. doi:10.1109/65.56532Kafi, M. A., Djenouri, D., Ben-Othman, J., & Badache, N. (2014). Congestion Control Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(3), 1369-1390. doi:10.1109/surv.2014.021714.00123Floyd, S. (2000). Congestion Control Principles. doi:10.17487/rfc2914Qazi, I. A., & Znati, T. (2011). On the design of load factor based congestion control protocols for next-generation networks. Computer Networks, 55(1), 45-60. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2010.07.010Katabi, D., Handley, M., & Rohrs, C. (2002). Congestion control for high bandwidth-delay product networks. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 32(4), 89-102. doi:10.1145/964725.633035Wang, Y., Rozhnova, N., Narayanan, A., Oran, D., & Rhee, I. (2013). An improved hop-by-hop interest shaper for congestion control in named data networking. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 43(4), 55-60. doi:10.1145/2534169.2491233Mirza, M., Sommers, J., Barford, P., & Zhu, X. (2010). A Machine Learning Approach to TCP Throughput Prediction. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 18(4), 1026-1039. doi:10.1109/tnet.2009.2037812Taherkhani, N., & Pierre, S. (2016). Centralized and Localized Data Congestion Control Strategy for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Using a Machine Learning Clustering Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 17(11), 3275-3285. doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2546555Fadlullah, Z. M., Tang, F., Mao, B., Kato, N., Akashi, O., Inoue, T., & Mizutani, K. (2017). State-of-the-Art Deep Learning: Evolving Machine Intelligence Toward Tomorrow’s Intelligent Network Traffic Control Systems. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(4), 2432-2455. doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2707140Gonzalez-Landero, F., Garcia-Magarino, I., Lacuesta, R., & Lloret, J. (2018). PriorityNet App: A Mobile Application for Establishing Priorities in the Context of 5G Ultra-Dense Networks. IEEE Access, 6, 14141-14150. doi:10.1109/access.2018.2811900Lloret, J., Parra, L., Taha, M., & Tomás, J. (2017). An architecture and protocol for smart continuous eHealth monitoring using 5G. Computer Networks, 129, 340-351. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2017.05.018Khan, I., Zafar, M., Jan, M., Lloret, J., Basheri, M., & Singh, D. (2018). Spectral and Energy Efficient Low-Overhead Uplink and Downlink Channel Estimation for 5G Massive MIMO Systems. Entropy, 20(2), 92. doi:10.3390/e20020092Elappila, M., Chinara, S., & Parhi, D. R. (2018). Survivable Path Routing in WSN for IoT applications. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 43, 49-63. doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2017.11.004Singh, K., Singh, K., Son, L. H., & Aziz, A. (2018). Congestion control in wireless sensor networks by hybrid multi-objective optimization algorithm. Computer Networks, 138, 90-107. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2018.03.023Shelke, M., Malhotra, A., & Mahalle, P. N. (2017). Congestion-Aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 63-72. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5544-7_7Godoy, P. D., Cayssials, R. L., & García Garino, C. G. (2018). Communication channel occupation and congestion in wireless sensor networks. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 72, 846-858. doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2017.12.049Najm, I. A., Ismail, M., Lloret, J., Ghafoor, K. Z., Zaidan, B. B., & Rahem, A. A. T. (2015). Improvement of SCTP congestion control in the LTE-A network. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 58, 119-129. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2015.09.003Najm, I. A., Ismail, M., & Abed, G. A. (2014). High-Performance Mobile Technology LTE-A using the Stream Control Transmission Protocol: A Systematic Review and Hands-on Analysis. Journal of Applied Sciences, 14(19), 2194-2218. doi:10.3923/jas.2014.2194.2218Katuwal, R., Suganthan, P. N., & Zhang, L. (2018). An ensemble of decision trees with random vector functional link networks for multi-class classification. Applied Soft Computing, 70, 1146-1153. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2017.09.020Gómez, S. E., Martínez, B. C., Sánchez-Esguevillas, A. J., & Hernández Callejo, L. (2017). Ensemble network traffic classification: Algorithm comparison and novel ensemble scheme proposal. Computer Networks, 127, 68-80. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2017.07.018Hasan, M., Hossain, E., & Niyato, D. (2013). Random access for machine-to-machine communication in LTE-advanced networks: issues and approaches. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(6), 86-93. doi:10.1109/mcom.2013.6525600Liang, D., Zhang, Z., & Peng, M. (2015). Access Point Reselection and Adaptive Cluster Splitting-Based Indoor Localization in Wireless Local Area Networks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2(6), 573-585. doi:10.1109/jiot.2015.2453419Park, H., Haghani, A., Samuel, S., & Knodler, M. A. (2018). Real-time prediction and avoidance of secondary crashes under unexpected traffic congestion. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 112, 39-49. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.11.025Shu, J., Liu, S., Liu, L., Zhan, L., & Hu, G. (2017). Research on Link Quality Estimation Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Support Vector Machine. Chinese Journal of Electronics, 26(2), 377-384. doi:10.1049/cje.2017.01.013Riekstin, A. C., Januário, G. C., Rodrigues, B. B., Nascimento, V. T., Carvalho, T. C. M. B., & Meirosu, C. (2016). Orchestration of energy efficiency capabilities in networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 59, 74-87. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2015.06.015Adi, E., Baig, Z., & Hingston, P. (2017). Stealthy Denial of Service (DoS) attack modelling and detection for HTTP/2 services. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 91, 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.04.015Stimpfling, T., Bélanger, N., Cherkaoui, O., Béliveau, A., Béliveau, L., & Savaria, Y. (2017). Extensions to decision-tree based packet classification algorithms to address new classification paradigms. Computer Networks, 122, 83-95. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2017.04.021Singh, D., Nigam, S. P., Agrawal, V. P., & Kumar, M. (2016). Vehicular traffic noise prediction using soft computing approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 183, 59-66. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.053Xia, Y., Chen, W., Liu, X., Zhang, L., Li, X., & Xiang, Y. (2017). Adaptive Multimedia Data Forwarding for Privacy Preservation in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 18(10), 2629-2641. doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2653103Tariq, F., & Baig, S. (2017). Machine Learning Based Botnet Detection in Software Defined Networks. International Journal of Security and Its Applications, 11(11), 1-12. doi:10.14257/ijsia.2017.11.11.01Wu, T., Petrangeli, S., Huysegems, R., Bostoen, T., & De Turck, F. (2017). Network-based video freeze detection and prediction in HTTP adaptive streaming. Computer Communications, 99, 37-47. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2016.08.005Pham, T. N. D., & Yeo, C. K. (2018). Adaptive trust and privacy management framework for vehicular networks. Vehicular Communications, 13, 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.vehcom.2018.04.006Mohamed, M. F., Shabayek, A. E.-R., El-Gayyar, M., & Nassar, H. (2019). An adaptive framework for real-time data reduction in AMI. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 31(3), 392-402. doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2018.02.012Louvieris, P., Clewley, N., & Liu, X. (2013). Effects-based feature identification for network intrusion detection. Neurocomputing, 121, 265-273. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2013.04.038Verma, P. K., Verma, R., Prakash, A., Agrawal, A., Naik, K., Tripathi, R., … Abogharaf, A. (2016). Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 66, 83-105. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2016.02.016Hamoud, A. K., Hashim, A. S., & Awadh, W. A. (2018). Predicting Student Performance in Higher Education Institutions Using Decision Tree Analysis. International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, 5(2), 26. doi:10.9781/ijimai.2018.02.004Lavanya, D. (2012). Ensemble Decision Tree Classifier For Breast Cancer Data. International Journal of Information Technology Convergence and Services, 2(1), 17-24. doi:10.5121/ijitcs.2012.2103Polat, K., & Güneş, S. (2007). Classification of epileptiform EEG using a hybrid system based on decision tree classifier and fast Fourier transform. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 187(2), 1017-1026. doi:10.1016/j.amc.2006.09.022Cayirci, E., Tezcan, H., Dogan, Y., & Coskun, V. (2006). Wireless sensor networks for underwater survelliance systems. Ad Hoc Networks, 4(4), 431-446. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2004.10.008Mezzavilla, M., Zhang, M., Polese, M., Ford, R., Dutta, S., Rangan, S., & Zorzi, M. (2018). End-to-End Simulation of 5G mmWave Networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20(3), 2237-2263. doi:10.1109/comst.2018.282888

Improvement of SCTP congestion control in the LTE-A network

Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) is the fourth-generation wireless communication of mobile technology. LTE-A offers a scalable coverage as it possesses efficient throughput and ubiquitous connectivity. The congestion control of the LTE-A transport layer negatively influences the overall performance of the throughput. Moreover, the existing slow-start and congestion avoidance mechanisms helps to reduce the LTE-A performance. Thus, this paper improves the congestion control mechanism by incorporating the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SLIP) in LTE-A. Specifically, the slow-start and congestion avoidance phases will be improved. The proposed mechanism, called ENH-SCTP, reduces the time duration, towards reaching a threshold, by ranking the congestion window, throughput, queue size and packet loss as performance metrics. The ranking can be achieved by adding a value which selection is based on a multi-criteria problem. Concretely we used the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique, especially the utilization of the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The simulation results show that the proposed SCTP in LTE-A performs better than the conventional SCTP. As a consequence, the congestion window, throughput, queue size and packet loss are significantly improved. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Najm, IA.; Ismail, M.; Lloret, J.; Ghafoor, KZ.; Zaidan, BB.; Rahem, AAT. (2015). Improvement of SCTP congestion control in the LTE-A network. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 58:119-129. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2015.09.003S1191295

Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline

Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease

BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used